Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en pacientes con tuberculosis: una revisión sistemática de literatura / Knowledge, attitudes and practices in patients with tuberculosis: a systematic literature review

Introducción: La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa de fácil tras-misión. Para su control, los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas adecuadas son indis-pensables, así como los factores relevantes para la adherencia al tratamiento. Objetivo: Caracterizar las definiciones o los conceptos de las dimensiones de cono-cimientos, actitudes y prácticas en tuberculosis reportados en la literatura durante los últimos diez años. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura bajo la metodología "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analy-ses". Inicialmente, se encontraron 1.720 posibles publicaciones, de las cuales, luego de la aplicación de los criterios de exclusión, quedaron 34 para ser incluidas en el análisis de esta revisión. Resultados: La mayoría de los estudios fueron publicados en el año 2018 y pre-dominaron las publicaciones en el continente africano. La caracterización de las di-mensiones se relaciona así: los conocimientos se definen como características de la enfermedad, las actitudes se relacionan con el estigma social hacia el paciente y las prácticas corresponden con la búsqueda de atención médica por parte del paciente. Conclusión: Se identificó la escasez de producción científica en donde se especifi-quen los conceptos de las dimensiones de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas, que a su vez permitan el desarrollo de investigaciones de alto rigor y alcance metodológico, ya que las publicaciones realizadas e incluidas para este estudio tuvieron una evalua-ción de baja calidad.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of easy transmission. For tuber-culosis's control, appropriate knowledge, attitudes, and practices are essential, as well as relevant factors for treatment adherence. Objective: To characterize the concepts of three dimensions ­knowledge, atti-tudes, and practices­ in tuberculosis reported in the literature during the last ten years. Materials and methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out under the methodology "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Me-ta-Analyzes". Initially, 1.720 possible publications were found, of which, after apply-ing the exclusion criteria, 34 remained to be included in this review. Results: Most studies were published in 2018, and publications on the African con-tinent predominated. The characterization of the dimensions is related as follows: knowledge was defined as the characteristics of the disease, attitudes were related with the social stigma towards the patient with TB, and practices were associated with seeking medical care by the patients with TB. Conclusion: There is a lack of publications on the definition of knowledge, atti-tudes and practices on tuberculosis, which hampers developing high impact research.

Lifetime burden of disease due to incident tuberculosis: a global reappraisal including post-tuberculosis sequelae.

BACKGROUND: Many individuals who survive tuberculosis disease face ongoing disability and elevated mortality risks. However, the impact of post-tuberculosis sequelae is generally omitted from policy analyses and disease burden estimates. We therefore estimated the global burden of tuberculosis, inclusive of post-tuberculosis morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We constructed a hypothetical cohort of individuals developing tuberculosis in 2019, including pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. We simulated lifetime health outcomes for this cohort, stratified by country, age, sex, HIV status, and treatment status. We used disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) to summarise fatal and non-fatal health losses attributable to tuberculosis, during the disease episode and afterwards. We estimated post-tuberculosis mortality and morbidity based on the decreased lung function caused by pulmonary tuberculosis disease. FINDINGS: Globally, we estimated 122 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 98-151) million DALYs due to incident tuberculosis disease in 2019, with 58 (38-83) million DALYs attributed to post-tuberculosis sequelae, representing 47% (95% UI 37-57) of the total burden estimate. The increase in burden from post-tuberculosis varied substantially across countries and regions, driven largely by differences in estimated case fatality for the disease episode. We estimated 12·1 DALYs (95% UI 10·0-14·9) per incident tuberculosis case, of which 6·3 DALYs (5·6-7·0) were from the disease episode and 5·8 DALYs (3·8-8·3) were from post-tuberculosis. Per-case post-tuberculosis burden estimates were greater for younger individuals, and in countries with high incidence rates. The burden of post-tuberculosis was spread over the remaining lifetime of tuberculosis survivors, with almost a third of total DALYs (28%, 95% UI 23-34) accruing 15 or more years after incident tuberculosis. INTERPRETATION: Post-tuberculosis sequelae add substantially to the overall disease burden caused by tuberculosis. This hitherto unquantified burden has been omitted from most previous policy analyses. Future policy analyses and burden estimates should take better account of post-tuberculosis, to avoid the potential misallocation of funding, political attention, and research effort resulting from continued neglect of this issue. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health.

[The road from the "antituberculosis armory" to the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Mexico City, 1920-1940]. / Del "armamento antituberculoso" al Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco en la Ciudad de México, 1920-1940.

This article discusses the various proposals and strategies to prevent the transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis in the City of Mexico from the 1920s decade onwards, when it was launched the first long-term campaign against the disease, and analyses the limitations and challenges faced until 1940. It looks upon the motives that led the need to contain the transmission of the disease to occupy a dominant role after ten years of civil war; it focuses on the models and strategies implemented, and examines the challenges faced by the construction and operation of the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium, a key component of the fight against tuberculosis at the international level since long ago.

Este artículo estudia las diferentes propuestas y estrategias para prevenir los contagios de la tuberculosis pulmonar implementadas en la Ciudad de México a partir de la década de 1920, al comenzar la primera campaña de largo aliento contra esa enfermedad, y analiza las limitaciones y problemas a los que ésta se enfrentó hasta 1940. Se destaca por qué la contención de los contagios de esa enfermedad ocupó un lugar prioritario después de diez años de guerra civil; se presta atención a los modelos y estrategias implementados y se examinan los problemas por lo que atravesó la construcción y el funcionamiento del Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco, sustento clave de la lucha antituberculosa desde tiempo atrás a nivel internacional.

Del "armamento antituberculoso" al Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco en la Ciudad de México, 1920-1940 / The road from the "antituberculosis armory" to the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Mexico City, 1920-1940

Resumen Este artículo estudia las diferentes propuestas y estrategias para prevenir los contagios de la tuberculosis pulmonar implementadas en la Ciudad de México a partir de la década de 1920, al comenzar la primera campaña de largo aliento contra esa enfermedad, y analiza las limitaciones y problemas a los que ésta se enfrentó hasta 1940. Se destaca por qué la contención de los contagios de esa enfermedad ocupó un lugar prioritario después de diez años de guerra civil; se presta atención a los modelos y estrategias implementados y se examinan los problemas por lo que atravesó la construcción y el funcionamiento del Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco, sustento clave de la lucha antituberculosa desde tiempo atrás a nivel internacional.

Abstract This article discusses the various proposals and strategies to prevent the transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis in the City of Mexico from the 1920s decade onwards, when it was launched the first long-term campaign against the disease, and analyses the limitations and challenges faced until 1940. It looks upon the motives that led the need to contain the transmission of the disease to occupy a dominant role after ten years of civil war; it focuses on the models and strategies implemented, and examines the challenges faced by the construction and operation of the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium, a key component of the fight against tuberculosis at the international level since long ago.

Organização dos serviços de saúde para o diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos de tuberculose em Manaus, Amazonas, 2014 / Organización de los servicios de salud hacia el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los casos de tuberculosis en Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, 2014 / Organization of health services for tuberculosis case diagnosis and treatment in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 2014

Objetivo: descrever a organização dos serviços de saúde para diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos de tuberculose na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo de 156 casos novos de tuberculose diagnosticados e residentes em Manaus, em 2014, caracterizados quanto aos aspectos socioeconômicos, demográficos, processo saúde-doença, relação com os serviços de saúde e resultado do tratamento, mediante aplicação de questionários individuais no 1o e no 6o mês de tratamento. Resultados: cerca de 70% dos casos foram diagnosticados no centro de referência para tuberculose; a maioria deles desconhecia existir agente comunitário de saúde em seu bairro; quanto ao acompanhamento de tratamento, 55,3% necessitam ingressar em filas para marcação de consultas; somente 67,3% dos casos foram acompanhados pelo mesmo profissional durante todo o tratamento. Conclusão: os achados indicam presença de barreiras no diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos, tanto no centro de referência como nas unidades de atenção primária à saúde.

Objetivo: describir la organización de los servicios de salud para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de 156 casos nuevos de tuberculosis diagnosticados y residentes en Manaus en 2014, caracterizados cuanto a aspectos socioeconómicos, demográficos, proceso salud-enfermedad, relación con los servicios de salud y resultado del tratamiento, mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios individuales en el primero y el sexto mes de tratamiento. Resultados: aproximadamente 70% de los casos fueron diagnosticados en el centro de referencia para tuberculosis; la mayoría desconocía la existencia de un agente comunitario de salud del barrio; en cuanto al seguimiento de tratamiento, 55,3% necesitan obtener fichas para marcar las consultas; sólo un 67,3% de los casos fueron acompañados por el mismo profesional durante todo el tratamiento. Conclusión: los hallazgos indican la presencia de barreras para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de casos, sea en el centro de referencia o en unidades de atención primaria de salud.

Objective: to describe the organization of health services for tuberculosis case diagnosis and treatment in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: this was a descriptive study of 156 new tuberculosis cases diagnosed and residing in Manaus in 2014, characterized according to socioeconomic, demographic, health-disease process aspects, relationship with health services and treatment outcome, by administering individual questionnaires in the 1st and 6st months of treatment. Results: some 70% of cases were diagnosed at the tuberculosis reference center; most of the cases were unaware that there was a community health agent in their neighborhood; regarding treatment follow-up, 55.3% had to join an appointment waiting list; only 67.3% of cases were monitored by the same professional throughout entire treatment. Conclusion: the findings indicate presence of barriers to case diagnosis and treatment, both in the referral center and also in primary healthcare units.

Exploring Barriers and Opportunities for Adoption of Web Portals in Russia. Example of a Tuberculosis Portal.

The aim was to study the opinions of tuberculosis patients and doctors and identify perceived opportunities and barriers to using a Web portal to optimize its use. The perceptions of 30 tuberculosis patients and 18 doctors (10 general practitioners and 8 TB specialists) from Tomsk, Russia were collected through semi-structured interviews. The responses were analyzed for content using principles of the grounded theory and thematic analysis, in order to gain insight into the participants' beliefs and attitudes towards adopting tuberculosis web-portal to increase the efficiency of the treatment and rehabilitation process.

[The topical problems of pediatric balneotherapy and the spa and health resort-based treatment of the children].

This article is devoted to the topical problems of pediatric balneotherapy with special reference to the organization of the spa and health resort-based treatment of the children in the Russian Federation. The main issues discussed by the authors include the current state of health resort care for the children, the problem of statutory regulation of the activities of the children's spa and health resort facilities, the approaches to increasing the availability of the spa and health resort-based treatment for the children at the enhanced risk of the development of chronic diseases, disabilities, and tuberculosis. Also considered are the problems of the development of the regulatory framework for the medical rehabilitation of the children based at the spa and health resort facilities. The principal goals to be sought in climatotherapy, physiotherapy, balneotherapy, and pelotherapy in the pediatric context are outlined along with the further prospects for the development of the main areas of pediatric balneology.

Research ethics review practices: experiences of the Armauer Hansen Research Institute/All Africa Leprosy and Tuberculosis Rehabilitation and Training Center Ethics Review Committee, Ethiopia.

The need for ethics review committees (ERCs) is imperative in the conduct of research to ensure the protection of the rights, safety and well-being of research participants. However, the capacities of most ERCs in Africa are limited in terms of trained experts, competence, resources as well as standard operating procedures. The aim of this report is to share experiences of one of the local institutional ERCs, the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI)/All Africa Leprosy and Tuberculosis Rehabilitation and Training Center (ALERT) Ethics Review Committee (AAERC), to other ERCs found in academic and research institutions in the Country. In this report, we used an empirical approach to review archived documents of the AAERC Secretariat to assess the Committee's strengths and weaknesses. The experiences of the AAERC in terms of its composition, routine work activities, learning practices and pitfalls that require general attention are summarized. In spite of this summary, the Committee strongly acknowledges the functions and roles of other ERCs in the Country. In addition, an independent assessment of the Committee's activity in general is warranted to evaluate its performance and further assess the level of awareness or oversights among researchers about the roles of ERCs.

[The organization of provision of spa-and-resort services for the population of the russian Federation (part 2). Spa and resort institutions].

The main principles of the organization of medical activities of spa and resort institutions including children's and tuberculosis (phtysiatric) ones are discussed in conjunction with the relative normative and legal acts.

[Priorities for health improvement in the medical personnel of phthisiatric service in the Primor'ie Territory].

The authors analyze occupational morbidity rates in the medical personnel of tuberculosis facilities in the Primorsky Territory, as well as the location of the institutions (workrooms) and the influence of occupational factors on medical workers. The nature of work and working conditions in the medical workers of a tuberculosis facility where they are exposed to occupational hazards in practically 100% of cases necessitate effective measures to promote and preserve their health. The absence of standard buildings and premises for tuberculosis facilities and the low efficiency of rehabilitative sanatorium-and-spa treatment, health improvement, and the prevention of occupational diseases are one of the problems of a tuberculosis service in the Primorsky Territory. The findings serve as the basis for the development of an approach to preventing occupational diseases and recovering the health status among the medical workers who have experienced tuberculosis.

Conhecimentos atitudes e práticas do familiar responsável acerca do tratamento da infecção latente por tuberculose na criança que completou o tratamento / The responsible family member's knowledge, attitudes and practices on the treatment of Tuberculosis Latent Infection in the child that has completed treatment

O estudo analisa o conhecimento, atitudes e práticas do familiar em relação ao tratamento da infecção latente por tuberculose na criança que terminou o tratamento. Os objetivos específicos foram; Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas da criança que foi indicada para tratamento da ILTB; Identificar as taxas de completude da criança em tratamento da ILTB; Avaliar as barreiras associadas ao tratamento da infecção latente por tuberculose enfrentadas pelo familiar da criança. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, tipo inquérito, desenvolvido em duas etapas na Área de Planejamento 2.1, do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada uma busca nos prontuários de crianças de 0 a 12 anos incompletos que realizaram o tratamento nos Anos de 2008/2009 em dois Centros Municipais de Saúde, para informações sobre o quantitativo de crianças, dados clínico-epidemiológicos e endereço de sua residência...

Perspective of tuberculosis patients on family support and care in rural Maharashtra.

BACKGROUND: Role of patients' family in TB-control programme has received least attention in research and negligible attention is paid to support and care experiences of patients in rural societies. AIM: Present study aims at collecting qualitative data on how tuberculosis patients define support and care during illness, and document their experiences and perspectives about care and support. METHODS: This is a qualitative study with grounded theory approach. Data were collected by conducting series of 15 focus group discussions (FGD) covering 113 patients from rural Pune district of Maharashtra. Thematic analysis was undertaken after preparing detailed transcripts of each FGD. RESULTS: Good support and care was considered as receiving necessary attention and help in daily routine, monitary help, emotional and moral support and motivation for early recovery. Family provided support by accompanying to the health centre, reminding about medicines, giving meals. Female patients reported less sympathetic attitude and unfair treatment at husband's home while males received emotional and physical support from spouse. Stigma led to discrimination and hindered the support and care mechanism. CONCLUSION: Family awareness and preparedness for providing support need to be strengthened. Counselling and motivation during each visit are the keys to successful completion of treatment. There is need to make counsellors/psychologists available in the existing system.

Intersectorality and bonding in tuberculosis control in family health / Intersetorialidade e vínculo no controle da tuberculose na saúde da família / Acciones intersectoriales y vínculo en el control de la tuberculosis en la salud de la familia

This is a qualitative study which aims to analyze the performance of the Family Health teams in the control of tuberculosis according to the relationship between bonding and the development of intersectoral actions in the metropolitan region of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. To construct the empirical material focus group techniques were used. Seven focus groups were conducted, involving 37 professionals of the Family Health teams. For analysis, the discourse analysis technique was used. It was concluded that the lack of intersectoral action weakens the bond between tuberculosis patients, their families and the Family Health team. It is noteworthy that intersectoral measures are fundamental in the development of integral care for tuberculosis patients in the context of Primary Health Care.

Trata-se de estudo de abordagem qualitativa, cujo objetivo foi analisar o desempenho das equipes de Saúde da Família no controle da tuberculose, segundo a relação entre vínculo e o desenvolvimento de ações intersetoriais, em município da região metropolitana de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. Para a construção do material empírico, foi utilizada a técnica de grupo focal. Sete grupos focais foram realizados, envolvendo 37 profissionais das equipes de Saúde da Família. Para análise, utilizou-se a técnica de análise do discurso. Conclui-se que a escassez de ações intersetoriais fragiliza o vínculo entre o doente de tuberculose, sua família e a equipe de Saúde da Família. Destaca-se que medidas intersetoriais são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de cuidado integral ao doente de tuberculose, no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Se trata de un estudio de abordaje cualitativo, cuyo objetivo fue analizar el desempeño de los equipos de Salud de la Familia en el control de la tuberculosis según la relación entre vínculo y desarrollo de acciones intersectoriales en un municipio de la región metropolitana de Joao Pesoa, en el estado de Paraíba, en Brasil. Para la construcción del material empírico fue utilizada la técnica de grupo focal. Siete grupos focales fueron realizados, envolviendo 37 profesionales de los equipos de Salud de la Familia. Para el análisis, se utilizó la técnica de análisis del discurso. Se concluye que la escasez de acciones intersectoriales fragiliza el vínculo entre el enfermo de tuberculosis, su familia y el equipo de Salud de la Familia. Se destaca que las medidas intersectoriales son fundamentales para el desarrollo de un cuidado integral al enfermo de tuberculosis en el ámbito de la Atención Básica a la Salud.

[Peculiarities of a socio-hygienic picture of tuberculosis patients depending on the place of residence].

In the course of the study significant social factors and conditions characterizing patients with active tuberculosis were identified. Depending on the place of patient's residence the working out of a targeted complex of measures is required.

População em situação de rua e tratamento diretamente observado (TDO) para tuberculose (TB): a percepção dos usuários / Homeless population and directly observed treatment (DOT) in tuberculosis (TB) perception of the users

No Município de Sao Paulo e significativo e crescente o numero de pessoas em situaçao de rua acometidas por tuberculose, fato que representa um problema de saude publica relevante. O Tratamento Diretamente Observado (TDO) pode ser uma estrategia importante para o enfrentamento da doença, mas nao suficiente para garantir sua adesao. O objetivo deste trabalho foi Identificar significados e percepçoes sobre a tuberculose (TB) eo Tratamento Diretamente Observado (TDO) junto à populaçao em situaçao de rua da regiao central do Municipio de Sao Paulo. Participaram desta pesquisa qualitativa, sete pessoas em situaçao de rua em TDO na UBS Santa Cecilia, sendo seis homens e uma mulher. Posteriormente uma entrevista adicional foi realizada com uma auxiliar de enfermagem da mesma unidade de saude. Todos responderam as entrevistas semi estruturada, com perguntas abertas, que foram gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. A partir da leitura exaustiva e flutuante definimos algumas categorias que nos auxiliaram na interpretaçao, analise e discussao dos dados obtidos. dados quantitativos utilizados para caracterizar a UBS, o TOO e os usuarios foram obtidos por meio do livro de Registro e Controle de Tratamento dos Casos de Tuberculose, Planilha Diaria de' Tratamento Supervisionado - DOTS; Ficha E; e Relatorios do SIAB. Os resultados mostram que a trajetoria de vida nas ruas, as percepçoes do corpo em relaçao a doença, a experiência estigmatizante e de violência fisica e moral, a qualidade da assistência prestada no TDO e 0 usa d edrogas licitas e ilicitas, interferem no processo de adesao ao tratamento. Por um lado, essa modalidade de tratamento pode assumir carater estigmatizante e excludente, se apoiado em diretrizes normativas e/ou caritativas, por outro, se garantir um espaço para emancipaçao e respeitar as diferenças, pode contribuir para o fortalecimento dos usuarios para enfrentar o problema e se tornarem responsaveis pela sua propria vida...

Smoking behavior among former tuberculosis patients in Indonesia: intervention is needed.

SETTING: Five lung clinics in Jogjakarta Province, Indonesia. OBJECTIVE: To document smoking patterns among tuberculosis (TB) patients before diagnosis and following treatment, to identify smoking-related messages given by health professionals and DOTS providers and to identify predictors of smoking relapse. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of 239 male TB patients completed DOTS-based treatment during 2005-2006. Subjects were interviewed at home using a semi-structured questionnaire. Female patients were excluded, as very few smoke. RESULTS: Most TB patients quit smoking when under treatment, but over one third relapsed at 6 months post-treatment. About 30% were never asked about their smoking behavior or advised about quitting. Of relapsed smokers, 60% received only general health messages and not TB-specific smoking messages. DOTS providers are not currently involved in cessation activities. The perception that any level of smoking is harmless for ex-TB patients was a significant predictor for smoking relapse. CONCLUSION: Physicians and DOTS providers should be actively involved in smoking cessation activities among TB and ex-TB patients. Based on these data, the Quit Tobacco Indonesia Project is mounting a pilot intervention to train DOTS providers, who are mostly family members of patients, to deliver smoking cessation messages and reinforce the cessation advice provided by physicians during and following TB treatment.

O sentido do tratamento para tuberculose no cotidiano de doentes e de profissionais de saúde / The sense of the tuberculosis treatment in the daily of the patients and health professionals

Estudo sobre o cotidiano assistencial do tratamento a pessoas portadoras de tuberculose em três Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Belém-Pará. Teve como objetivos compreender o cotidiano da dinâmica assistencial do tratamento a pessoas portadoras de tuberculose; descrever os processos associados ao enfrentamento da doença nos serviços; desvelar o sentido que funda as ações do tratamento para os profissionais e para as pessoas portadoras de tuberculose. Participaram da pesquisa vinte e um profissionais de saúde e vinte e um doentes em tratamento...